Chemical Blooming and Copper Staining

Manufacturer:We have been having chemical blooming and copper staining problems on our dipped latex films. We believe this is due to ZDEC (Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate) we are using.
How could we minimize these problems? For some reasons we cannot reveal, we have only a choice among ZDMC, ZDEC and ZDBC.

JohnWoon:Among the 3 common dithiocarbamates you mentioned, ZDBC has the least tendency to bloom due to it being the most soluble in rubber. For the same reason, ZDBC would be expected to have relatively lower tendency to cause staining in the presence of trace copper. The usual yellowish to brownish stain is due to the formation of a complex of copper dithiocarbamates.

Please take note that the activity and solubility of these dithiocarbamates in rubber increase as the chain length of the alkyl group increases.

Having said this, you have to be careful in your reformulation as ZDBC has a faster curing rate at room temperature compared to ZDEC. Please refer to my more detailed report despatched to you separately.

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Glove Selection Guide

Gloves Consumer: Hi John,
I'm happy that I've chanced upon your site. I'm a registered nurse working in hospital environment for many years but have recently resigned and now working in a different environment that requires me and my colleagues to handle different chemicals in the course of our work. Although we have a selection of gloves in our store we're usually at a loss as to what glove is best for handling what chemicals. Can you help us or get some glove manufacturers to guide us?

JohnWoon: This is a very good question. There are a number of quite well written guides from some glove manufacturers which are available on request. I'm sure you could get one if you contact them directly.

However if you want a quick reference, here is one:


Please also check out this site for other information about gloves: http://medical-gloves.blogspot.com/

You are at the site for answers and solutions to all your problems in natural rubber latex processing and manufacturing of medical gloves, condoms, catheters, baby teats and baby pacifiers.

Could exposure to phthalates be contributing to the falling levels of sperm counts, rising levels of obesity and insulin resistance in men?

(Phthalates are plasticizers or softeners for rubber and plastics)

Although more research is needed, University of Rochester Medical Centre (URMC) in New York has expressed concern that there are signs in scientific literature that things might be seriously wrong.
The URMC study follows work done by a team at the Harvard School of Public Health, in the US, which found correlations between levels of phthalates in the urine of adult men and decreased quality of their sperm.

What about obesity and insulin resistance then? Urine samples from a cross-sectional study of US males showed high concentrations of phthalates were more likely to be present in men who had abdominal obesity and/or had insulin resistance. Also, low testosterone has also been associated with increased abdominal obesity (or belly fat) and insulin resistance, often a precursor to type-2 diabetes.

For detailed information, please contact Mr. John Woon

You are at the site for answers and solutions to all your problems in natural rubber latex processing and manufacturing of medical gloves, condoms, catheters, baby teats and baby pacfiers.

How long can a latex glove be?

Manufacturer:We have seen long gloves made from PE for the veterinary surgeons but have not come across latex gloves which are this long. Can we make this glove with normal latex compound?

JohnWoon:There is no limit to the length of latex gloves one could make. It can reach up to the shoulder.What you need is a long enough former (mold) and a deep enough latex dip tank. However you have to be careful with the choice of latex TSC (Total Solid Content), coagulant strength and latex dwell time to ensure that the difference in glove thicknesses from fingers to the other end of the glove is kept to the minimum.

Please check out the following video clip.

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You are at the site for answers and solutions to all your problems in natural rubber latex processing and manufacturing of medical gloves, condoms, catheters, baby teats and baby pacfiers.

Toxicity - Are Rubber Chemicals Harmful?

Manufacturer: In our study of formulation for low toxicity applications, we invariably come across very confusing medical terms such as Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and Clastogenicity. Why should rubber technologists be bothered about this? Your input here would be appreciated.

JohnWoon: Rubber and latex products are continuously being developed to be used in many new applications in varied industries. The individual technologist should therefore equip himself/herself with whatever relevant knowledge there is in a particular industry where rubber products are being used. Many rubber factory workers and consumers are being exposed to such rubber products. It is therefore only natural that the toxicity issue should be scrutinized and studied.

Hence a good rubber and latex technologist should be jacks of all trades and hopefully master of some.

Toxicity study of rubber chemicals and the based rubbers (Polymers) have been studied for many decades and is still being pursued to obtain any new findings. But what's "toxicity"? Simply defined, it is the ability of a substance to cause a harmful effect to human body. As far as rubber products are concerned, this covers carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, clastogenicity including of course primary skin irritation, eye irritation and skin sensitization, not forgetting teratogenicity and nerotoxicity.

The following notes show my simplified explanation of the terms for ease of understanding and wherever applicable, examples of chemicals are included:

1) Carcinogenicity
This is the ability for certain chemical to cause cancer (Please note that the causative agents could be more than one, for instance, radiation and stress) i.e. it has the ability to act on living tissues to cause malignant growth.

This substance or chemical is called a "carcinogen". The biochemical process leading to cancer is termed "carcinogenesis". Of course "Carcinogenic" is the adjective to describe anything that cause cancer.

Examples: Although reported to be very likely non-carcinogenic as they are, most common Zinc dialkyl dithiocarbarmates such as ZDMC, ZDBC and ZDEC have been reported to release carcinogenic N-nitrosamines as by-products after vulcanization. Thiourea is another accelerator that is carcinogenic. Other examples include styrene, butadiene and acrylonitrile used as raw materials in the manufacturing of ABS plastics and Nitrile rubber.

2) Mutagenicity
This is the ability of the chemical to cause an increase in the rate of change in genes (subsections of the DNA of the body's cells) or a rearrangement or a gain or loss of part of a chromosome (Remember our biology class in schools? If you've forgotten, "chromosome" is a structure in the nucleus of a cell composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein; the chromosome forms the basis of heredity and carries genetic information in DNA in the form of a sequence of nitrogenous bases)

Such chemical is known as "mutagen" and the process of mutation is termed "mutagenesis". "Mutagenic" is the adjective for any chemical that could cause mutation.

Please take note that mutagenic substances may also be carcinogenic but a carcinogen might not necessarily be a mutagen.

3) Clastogenicity
This is the ability of the chemical to cause chromosomal breaks.

Such chemicals are called "Clastogens" and the process is termed "clastogenesis".
"Clastogenic" is the adjective applied to any substance or process causing chromosomal breaks.

Example: MBTS (Dibenzolthiazyl disulphide) had been reported to be potential clastogen.

4) Teratogenicity
This is the ability of the chemical to cause non-heritable birth defects i.e. malformations of an embryo or fetus.

Such chemicals are termed "teratogen", some times refered to as "reproductive toxins" while the process is called "teratogenesis". "Teratogenic" is the adjective describing the chemical that causes non-heritable birth defects.

Example: Accelerators such as TMTD (Tetramethyl thiuram disulphide) and MBTS (Dibenzolthiazyl disulphide) had been reported to be potential teratogens. Other possible examples include monomers like acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride and styrene.

5) Neurotoxicity
The ability of a chemical to upset the function of the nervous system.

Example: TETD (Tetraethyl thiuram disulphide), Dinitrosopentamethylene tetramine (Blowing agent), Methanol and IPA.

6) Skin irritation/Skin sensitization
I presume you are familiar with the meaning of these.

Examples: MBT, ZMBT = Possible Skin sensitization, TMTD, TETD, DPG (Diphenyl guanidine)= possible skin irritation and sensitization.

Legislation to protect human health and the environment has been increasing dramatically during the past two decades. Many laws have been enacted to control the carcinogenic and other health risks of industrial chemicals used in a wide range of latex and rubber products, released into the environment, or encountered in the workplace.

All other things being equal, the best bet is to use prevulcanised latex as opposed to post-vulcanisable latex compound. Generally, the former has lower toxicity.